COMPUTER COMPONENTS

Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processor
                            -is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions.
                            -refers to the microprocessor chip.
  3 Parts of CPU
             1. Control Unit-act as overall manager
             2. Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU)-performs mathematical and logical operations.
             3. Main Memory -is the primary memory                      
                                RAM(Random Access Memory)
                                            -memory used by the computer to run programs.
                                            -a temporary storage memory.
                                ROM(Read Only Memory)    
                                    -no matter how many times i turned off the computer the software
                                               that I install will not be lost.                    
Motherboard -this is where the core components of your computer reside which are listed below. Also the support cards for video, sound,networking and more are mounted into this board. 
 Microprocessor -this is the brain of the computer. It performs commands and instructions and controls the operation of the computer.
Power Supply-comes with the case, but this component is mentioned separately since there are various types of power supplies. (250-500 watts)
Audio Card-is the voice of your system. 
                   -is a computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs.
 Floppy Drive-is a small disk storage divice that today typically has about 1.4 megabytes of memory.
Hard Drive-is a non-volatile storage device for digital data.
Network Card-use to connect to high speed internet access. (ex.cable or DSL lines)
Video Card-provides visual image to the monitor.
                  -used in computer games to provide additional memory visual effect.
Monitor - This device which operates like a TV set lets the user see how the computer is responding to
                          thie commands. 
Keyboard - This is where the user enters text commands into the computer.
Mouse - A point and click interface for entering commands which works well in graphical environments. 
Printer -use to print out.
Video Camera-a webcam
Uninterruptible Power Supply-essentially a battery back up in case of power failure.
                                                 (UPS)280VA-400VA


 

Computer Concept

Discussion on the film viewing:


INPUT DEVICES                                                  OUTPUT DEVICES

input devices on basic computer are
used to input data.
- mouse                                                                             - monitor
- keyboard                                                                        - printer
- microphone                                                                   - network
- network                                                                          - speaker




STORAGE - also act as input and output devices.

                     - allow to store data update data and instruction on how do we actually process data in other words a computer program.

• Flash Drive
• Hard Disc
• Optical Disc
• Network Disc

A basic computer system can be represented above and it concludes the presentation of computer concept.


The server offers a lot of users access the same information.

For example : 

                We have 3 or more workstation we need a server so that those workstation can access to the data and all those workstation  is all connected on the server to get information.


 Another is the NIC all those workstation and server they are all connected to the network.The NIC ( Network Interface Card ) it is a card that that you will install to the computer to plug either internet or wireless.It is used to connect to the network.




The computer is the invention that change the world.There are so many high tech machine invented like robots the androids that can act like a human.They can do what people do. Computer is very helpful to our lives we can also use it to communicate to our relatives and friends in the other country through chatting.


British Young Mathematician Turing - a man who accomplished his successes without outside motivation to do so.


Babbage Concepts - ( 1850 ) create a machine that could change the world.

           Charles Babbage ( The Father of Computer )  - a british mathematics professor a computer scientist who orginated the idea of a programmable computer.He invented the Difference Engine and it actually work.



Universal Machine - the machine could solve the mathematical problem.

NUMBER SYSTEM

A number system is the set of symbols used to express quantities as the basis for counting, determining order, comparing amounts, performing calculations, and representing value. It is the set of characters and mathematical rules that are used to represent a number.

A number system is a way of counting things. It's a way of identifying the quantity of something.

Decimal has a base of 10 and its symbol is 0,1....9 and it use by humans.

Binary has a base of 2 and its symbol is 0,1 and it use by computer.

Octal has a base of 8 and it symbol is 0,1...7.

Hexadecimal has a base of 16 and its symbol is 0,1...9 and A,B...F.

Decimal,Binary,Octal,Hexadecimal can be converted with each other.

•  To convert binary to octal the rule is just group the binary into 3.
•  To convert binary to hexa the rule is just group the binary into 4.

Flow Chart

Flow Chart Defined

A flow chart is a graphical or symbolic representation of a process. Each step in the process is represented by a different symbol and contains a short description of the process step. The flow chart symbols are linked together with arrows showing the process flow direction. 

3 Alternate Definitions of Flow Chart

As-Is Flowchart

The first cool thing about flow charts is that they let you see the process flow at a glance, so my first alternate definition of "Flow Chart" is a Snap Shot of your Business Processes. This is commonly called an As-Is Flowchart. You can tell a lot about the complexity (and often over-complexity) of many business processes just by looking at an as-is flow chart of them - without even reading the text in the symbols. You can easily see the flow of information and materials, branches in the process, opportunities for infinite loops, the number of process steps, inter-departmental operations, and more.

 

Process Zoom Lens

The second cool thing about flow charts is that they let you see the process flow at different levels, so my second alternate definition of "Flow Chart" is a Zoom Lens for your Business Processes. Flow charts are often categorized in 3 levels: high-level (aka, 30,000 ft. level), mid-level and low-level (detailed). A high-level flow chart could be a process defined at the company-wide or large system level. Mid-level flow chart could be a process defined at the department level, and a low-level flow chart could be a process defined at working level.

Some flow chart tools (including Microsoft Excel) allow you to add hyperlinks to flow chart symbols. The hyperlinks let you click on a flow chart symbol, drilling down from a high-level process step to a detailed set of process flow steps. This truly gives you the zoom lens capability.

Process Test Bed

The third cool thing about flow charts is that they let you perform risk-free experiments, so with that in mind my third and final alternate definition of "Flow Chart" is a Process Test Bed. All process improvements require change, and most changes involve risk, require work, cost money, or instill some level of emotional uncertainty and fear. You can mitigate each of these by creating process flow charts of any proposed business operation changes. Each flow chart can be a "what-if" that helps the involved players more easily see the risks involved. Personally, I do before and after flow charts on all significant process changes.

A Note on Flowchart Symbols

Different flow chart symbols have different meanings. The most common flow chart symbols are:

• Terminator: An oval flow chart shape indicating the start or end of the process.
• Process: A rectangular flow chart shape indicating a normal process flow step.
• Decision: A diamond flow chart shape indication a branch in the process flow.
• Connector: A small, labeled, circular flow chart shape used to indicate a jump in the process flow.
• Data: A parallelogram that indicates data input or output (I/O) for a process.
• Document: used to indicate a document or report (see image in sample flow chart below).

[A complete list of flow chart symbols can be found in the Flowchart Symbols Defined article.]

A really simplistic flow chart showing the flow chart symbols described above can be seen below:

 

 

 

Computer History

An Illustrated History of Computers 

The first computers were people! That is, electronic computers (and the earlier mechanical computers) were given this name because they performed the work that had previously been assigned to people. "Computer" was originally a job title: it was used to describe those human beings (predominantly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. Imagine you had a job where hour after hour, day after day, you were to do nothing but compute multiplications. Boredom would quickly set in, leading to carelessness, leading to mistakes. And even on your best days you wouldn't be producing answers very fast. Therefore, inventors have been searching for hundreds of years for a way to mechanize (that is, find a mechanism that can perform) this task.  

 

The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation. A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator (multiplication and division are slower). The abacus is often wrongly attributed to China. In fact, the oldest surviving abacus was used in 300 B.C. by the Babylonians. The abacus is still in use today, principally in the far east. A modern abacus consists of rings that slide over rods, but the older one pictured below dates from the time when pebbles were used for counting (the word "calculus" comes from the Latin word for pebble)

In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks which are now called Napier's Bones. 

Napier's invention led directly to the slide rule, first built in England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960's by the NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed men on the moon. 

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) made drawings of gear-driven calculating machines but apparently never built any. 

 A Leonardo da Vinci drawing showing gears arranged for computing

The first gear-driven calculating machine to actually be built was probably the calculating clock, so named by its inventor, the German professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. This device got little publicity because Schickard died soon afterward in the bubonic plague. 

In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required precision). Up until the present age when car dashboards went digital, the odometer portion of a car's speedometer used the very same mechanism as the Pascaline to increment the next wheel after each full revolution of the prior wheel. Pascal was a child prodigy. At the age of 12, he was discovered doing his version of Euclid's thirty-second proposition on the kitchen floor. Pascal went on to invent probability theory, the hydraulic press, and the syringe. Shown below is an 8 digit version of the Pascaline, and two views of a 6 digit version:  

6 digit Version 

A Pascaline opened up so you can observe the gears and cylinders which rotated to display the numerical result

Activity 2

LIST THE FIVE COMMON TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS.

Personal computer - A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.

Workstation - A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality monitor.

Minicomputer - A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously.

Mainframe - A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

Supercomputer - An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

 IDENTIFY TWO UNIQUE FEATURES OF SUPERCOMPUTER

   

 1.  Massively Parallel Processing (MPP), is to chain together thousands of commercially available  microprocessors utilizing parallel processing techniques.

2.Beowulf cluster, or cluster computing, employs large numbers of personal computers interconnected by a local area network and running programs written for parallel processing.

DESCRIBE THE TYPICAL USE FOR MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

-A mainframe is usually used for critical applications and bulk data processing (for example census processing, large company payrolls). 

DIFFERENTIATE WORKSTATION FROM PERSONAL COMPUTER    

A workstation is a powerful, single-user computer. It is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality monitor while personal computer is a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.

IDENTIFY FOUR TYPES OF PERSONAL COMPUTER

1.Desktop computers are used in many places such as home, school and business.








2.Laptops are second common type used of personal computers.








 



3 Notebook use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technologies, to produce a lightweight and non-bulky display screen.

 

4.Palmtop computers are also types of personal computers and are so small that they can fit into the pocket of your coat. These computers have slow speed and less working capacity than previous two types of the computers. Palmtop Computers are mostly used by small businessmen and salesmen.

Hardware and Software

HARDWARE

Hardware starts functioning once software is loaded.

Definition : Devices required to store and execute (or run) the software.

Function :  Hardware serve as the delivery system for software solutions. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are “soft” in the sense that they are readily created, modified, or erased on the computer.

Examples : CD-ROM, monitor, printer, video card, scanners , label makers, routers , and modems.

Types :  Motherboard, CPU, RAM, BIOS, power supply, video display controller, computer bus, CD-ROM drive, floppy disk, zip drive.

SOFTWARE

To deliver its set of instructions, Software is installed on hardware.

Definition : Collection of instructions that enables a user to interact with the computer. Software is a program that enables a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware).

                 :Second essential parts of computer.

Function : To perform the specific task you need to complete.

Examples : Quick books, Adobe Acrobat, Winoms-Cs, Internet Explorer , Microsoft Word , Microsoft Excel

Types : System software, Programming software, and Application software.